TECHNIQUE OF COLLECTING DATA
There are two main points which influences quality of data from
research such as the quality of research instrument and the quality of
collecting data. The first includes validity and reliability of instrument. The
later involves the accurate way to collect data.
Collecting data can
be done in various settings, sources, and techniques. Setting can be conducted
in natural setting, laboratory, at home, seminar, discussion, on road, and so
forth. Source consists of primary and secondary sources. The last relates to
interview, questionnaire, and observation.
In this paper, the
writer will only discuss on the way to collect data using interview,
questionnaire, and observation.
A. Interview
An interview is a conversation between an interviewer and an
interviewee that has structure and purpose. According to Kvale (1996, 5)
conversation is a basic mode of human interaction. Human beings talk with each
other-they interact, pose questions, and answer questions. It goes beyond the
spontaneous exchange of views as in everyday conversation, and becomes a
careful questioning and listening approach with purpose of obtaining thoroughly
tested knowledge.
Before conducting
an interview, an interviewer should govern stages of it. There are seven stages
as suggested by Kvale (1996, 88) of interview as follows:
- Thematizing; formulate the purpose
of investigation and describe the concept of the topic to be investigated.
- Designing; plan the design of the
study, taking into consideration all seven stages of the investigation,
before the interviewing starts.
- Interviewing; conduct the
interviews based on an interview guide and with a reflective approach to
the knowledge south and interpersonal relation of the interview situation.
- Transcribing; prepare the interview
material for analysis, which commonly includes a transcription from oral
speech to written text.
- Analyzing; decide, on the basis of
the purpose and topic of the investigation, and on the nature of the
interview material, which methods of analysis are appropriate for the
interview.
- Verifying; ascertain the
generalizability, reliability, and validity of the interview findings.
- Reporting; communicate the
findings of the study and the methods applied in a form that lives up to
scientific criteria, takes the ethical aspects of the investigation into
consideration, and the results in a readable product.
An interview is
used as technique of collecting data when interviewer does preliminary research
to find problem which is studied as well as to find respondent more deeply
based on self-report. It can be conducted using structured interview,
unstructured one, and face to face.
- Structured Interview
It is employed to collect data when interviewer has
known exactly about information that he /she will gain. Interviewer usually
provides respondents with written questions and their answers as well. Each
respondent get the same questions and so do the answers. In so doing,
interviewer may use tape recorder, pictures, brochures, and others tool to ease
his or her interview.
- Unstructured or Opened Interview
It can be said as unstructured or opened interview
because interviewer does not use structured interview guide systematically and
completely in collecting data. Interviewer uses guide lines of the problems
only in doing the interview. It is often done as a preliminary research and
even to obtain detail data from respondent. In this technique, interviewer has
not known what data that will be got, so he or she more listen to what
respondent tells rather than asking question.
In interviewing
respondent, it is important to understand the interviewee’s situation and
condition. They will influence result of the study. Interviewee whose condition
is well may give good respond; otherwise he/she may give unpleased answer when
in bad condition. Thus, if necessary, interviewer contacts the respondent
before doing it. This intends to gain more complete and valid data.
Furthermore, Kvale
(1996, 101) explains to forms of interview. There are two types of interview,
namely individual interview and focus group interview.
Ø Individual
interview; it interviews very according to content,
such as seeking factual information, or opinions and attitudes, or narratives
and life histories.
Ø Focus
group interview; it refers to the interaction among
the interview subjects often leads to spontaneous and emotional statements
about the topic being discussed.
B. Questionnaire
Questionnaire is a technique of colleting data by giving either a
series of written questions or statements for respondents to answer. It is an
efficient way to gather data when the researcher knows what measurable variable
and what the subjects respond. It is suitable for a great numbers of
respondents.
Dealing with
questionnaire, there are principles in making it such as arranging writing,
measuring, and performing body. The followings are the principle of writing
questionnaire.
1)
Content
and goal of question; making question must be accurate and can be measurable.
2)
Language; language
used must be understandable, simple, and suitable for respondent level.
3)
Question
type and form; they can be opened and closed questions.
4)
Non
double-barreled; make one point in one question, not two items in one question.
5)
No asking
forgotten thing; we should not to ask things that took place a long time ago.
6)
No
tendency question; don’t ask questions which tend to either good things only or
bad ones.
7)
No too
long question; make appropriate questions about 20 to 30 questions.
8)
Ordering;
compose the questions from easy to difficult.
9)
Measurement;
collected data must be measurable whether they are reliable and valid or not.
10)
Body
performing; make the questionnaire as exciting as possible.
C. Observation
According to Alwasilah (2006, 211) observation in research is
systematic and planned activity that is aimed at gaining the data which it’s
validity and reliability is controlled. In a similar vein, Marshall
Types of observation
Sugiyono (2006, 162) said that in the process of collecting data,
observation can be divided into two terms such as participant observation and
non-participant observation. Whereas observation consists of two terms
from instrument side, namely structured and unstructured observation.
1)
Participant
observation; in this observation, the
researcher is involved in daily activities of participant that is observed to
obtain original and pure data. While doing observation, the researcher also
does the activity done by participant.
2)
Non-participant observation; in this study, the researcher does not
immerse him/herself into participant. He/she observes subjects from far
distance. The researcher then notes what is done by respondent. He/she uses a
video tape to record what happens. Data obtained from this technique is not as
deep and complete as the first one.
3)
Structured
observation; it is observation that has been
planned systematically, on what will be observed, the time and the place. This
is conducted when the researcher has known variable exactly investigated.
4)
Unstructured
observation; it opposites from structured one.
This is done because the researcher does not know variable accurately observed.
He or she does not employ constant instrument.
DATA ANALYSIS
In quantitative research, researcher will do analysis after data
he/she wants to be collected. Data analysis activity involves; categorizing data
based on variable and kinds of respondents, tabulating data based on variable
from respondents, presenting data from each variable, encountering data to
answer the research questions, and testing hypothesis. And analyze technique in
this research uses statistic, which is descriptive statistic and inferential
statistic. The later involves parametric statistic and non-parametric
statistic.
Descriptive and
Inferential Statistic
Descriptive statistic is statistic used to analyze data by
describing collected data naturally, without manipulating them, and it does not
mean to make generalization. Otherwise it is transferable, meaning that the
findings of the study can be applied in other place as transferability. Method
of selecting sample uses purposive sampling.
Inferential statistic is used in quantitative study.
Inferential
statistic/inductive statistic/probability statistic is used to analyze sample
data and the result will be generalization. Sample will be selected randomly.
Presenting data in inferential statistic would be tables, graphics, circle
diagram, pictogram, modus, median, mean, percentile, deviation standard, and
percentage.
Parametric and
Non-parametric Statistic
Parametric statistic is to test parameter of population via
statistic, or to examine population size via sample data, otherwise
non-parametric one is used to test distribution. The use of them depends on
assumption and kinds of analyzed data. The first parametric is to analyze
interval data and ratio, and the second one mostly is use to analyze nominal
data and ordinal.
Principle concept of
hypothesis test
In the research, hypothesis means preliminary answer towards
formulation of research problems. Whereas in statistic, it means as population
tested the truth based on data from sample. Hypothesis consists of two kinds
such as descriptive hypothesis and
associative hypothesis. The hypothesis used here is the null hypothesis.
The null hypothesis is used for testing. It is statement that no different
exists between the parameter and statistic being compared. The null hypothesis
is Ho and the other, alternative hypothesis is Ha.
There are three
types of hypothesis test, namely; two tail test, left side test, and right
side test.
- Two Tail Test; it is used when null
hypothesis (Ho) sounds “sama dengan” and alternative one (Ha) is “tidak sama
dengan” (Ho=; Ha#)
- Left Side Test; it is used when null
hypothesis sounds “lebih besar atau sama dengan” (>) and alternative
one is “lebih kecil” (<).
- Right Side Test; it is used if null
hypothesis sounds “lebih keil atau sama dengan” (<), and alternative
one is “lebih besar” (>).
Reference
Alwasilah, A.C. 2006. Pokoknya
Kualitatif: Dasar-dasar Merancang dan
Melakukan Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung
Kvale, S. 1996. InterViews: An
Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing.
Sugyono. 2005. Memahami
Penelitian Kualitatif: Dilengkapi Conoh Proposal
dan Laporan
Penelitian. Bandung
_______. 2006. Metode
Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung:
Alfabeta.
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