LEARNING ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION, HORTATORY
EXPOSITION and
NEWS ITEM
Presented by Lia Herawaty, M.Pd. (PPPPTK Bahasa)
A. Tujuan
Anda mampu meningkatkan penguasaan materi, struktur,
konsep, dan pola pikir keilmuan yang mendukung mata pelajaran Bahasa Inggris
yang diampu.
B. Indikator
Pencapaian Kompetensi
1. 1. Menentukan gambaran umum teks
tertulis fungsional berbentuk analytical exposition.
1. 2. Menentukan informasi rinci
tersurat teks tertulis fungsional berbentuk analytical exposition.
1. 3. Menentukan informasi tertentu
teks tertulis fungsional berbentuk analytical exposition.
1. 4. Menentukan informasi tersirat teks tertulis berbentuk analytical
exposition.
1. 5. Menentukan makna kata teks
tertulis fungsional berbentuk analytical exposition.
1. 6. Menentukan fungsi sosial teks
tertulis berbentuk analytical exposition.
1. 7. Menentukan coherency dan
cohesiveness teks tertulis berbentuk analytical exposition.
1. 8. Menentukan cara pengajaran teks
tertulis fungsional berbentuk analytical exposition.
C. Uraian
Materi
Analytical Exposition adalah jenis
teks yang termasuk ke dalam jenis Argumentation Text, berisi tentang
pemikiran terperinci penulis tentang sebuah penomena yang ada di sekitar.
Analytical Exposition Text merupakan
jenis teks yang banyak kita jumpai dalam bacaan sehari-hari walaupun
tidak semua orang tahu bahwa yang kita baca itu sebenarnya adalah jenis teks
ini. Analytical exposition text merupakan jenis teks yang berisikan
pendapat-pendapat mengenai sesuatu baik benda, tempat, atau kejadian.
1. Fungsi Sosial Teks
The social function of analytical
exposition text is to persuade the reader or the listener that something is the
case.
Fungsi sosial analytical teks adalah untuk menyajikan
kepada pembaca agar yakin pada sebuah topik yang penting untuk dibahas atau
mendapat perhatian dengan cara pemberian argumen-argumen atau pendapat-pendapat
yang mendukung ide pokok atau topik tersebut.
2. Struktur Teks Analytical Exposition
Dalam membuat sebuah analytical exposition text,
terdapat beberapa hal yang mesti diperhatikan seperti thesis, arguments, dan
penutup. Pada pembuatan thesis yang berisi tentang topik permasalahan yang akan
diangkat, yang selanjutnya diperkaya dengan argumen-argumen atau
pendapat-pendapat yang mendukung. Sedangkan pada penutup di isi dengan
kesimpulan.
Generic Structure teks Analytical
Exposition terdiri dari tiga bagian yaitu:
a. Thesis
Dalam bagian Thesis, penulis mengenalkan tentang topik
atau main idea yang akan dibahas. Thesis selalu berada di paragraph pertama
dalam teks Analytical Exposition.
b. Argumen
Topik yang dibahas oleh penulis adalah topik yang
sangat penting atau perlu perhatian. Dalam bagian ini penulis menghadirkan
argumen-argumen atau pendapat-pendapat yang mendukung main idea penulis,
biasanya dalam sebuah teks Analytical Exposition terdapat lebih dari dua
argumen. Semakin banyak argumen yang ditampilkan semakin percayapembaca bahwa
topik yang dibahas oleh penulis adalah topik yang sangat penting atau
membutuhkan perhatian.
c. Reiteration
Bagian ini merupakan bagian penutup dari sebuah teks Analytical
Exposition yang selalu terletak di akhir paragraph. Reiteration berisi
penulisan kembali atau penempatan kembali main idea yang terdapat di
paragraph pertama. Reiteration juga biasa disebut dengan conclusion.
Bagian ini ini selalu terletak di akhir paragraf.
Berikut Anda bisa membaca contoh
jenis teks analytical exposition.
Learning a foreign language is an investment for the
future that can produce many benefits whether it is for one’s career,
travel adventures or personal growth. Learning a foreign language can take many
months of dedication, however the venture will more than likely open the door
to many opportunities. Learning a foreign language takes time, patience and
sometimes money. Nevertheless, French, Arabic and Mandarin Chinese,
among many others, are all languages that can provide
great improvement to career, travel or intellect.
Firstly, learning a foreign
language can be advancement in our career. The 21st century trend in progress
is globalization, and with improvement in technology that provides the ability
to communicate with anyone, anywhere, more and more companies are working
internationally. Employers will be looking for a valuable employee, one
that can correspond with an international partner, investor, customer, etc. The
fact that one is fluent in a foreign language will give an edge on their
resume, which can make a stand out applicant. In other words, many companies
will actually increase pay for those who can speak a foreign language
and have used their skill towards increasing career performance.
Secondly, learning foreign
language can also enhance travel experience. Always dreamed of going to China,
Egypt, Italy or Croatia? A dream vacation can be even better if one knows the
language of the locals. By knowing the language of the land, one can increase
their travel experience by being able to explore freely. An individual who is
fluent in a specific foreign language is able to speak to the local people,
shop, dine and respectfully enjoy a foreign land.
Thirdly is, it can expand
our intellect. Learning a language can be ultimately good for the mind. Through
engaging in a foreign language, one is able to increase vocabulary, pushing the
brain to its fullest capacity. Learning a foreign language also
exercises the memory. Learning a foreign language can help to increase mental
power by being able to speak and think in another language.
Again, learning a foreign
language is an investment of time and money, depending on the route chosen.
However, the benefits of learning a foreign language are superior and can
improve many aspects of a person's life
greatly. Whether it is for a career opportunity, a dream vacation or
personal growth, a foreign language is a fantastic asset.
HORTATORY
EXPOSITION
Teks exposition bertujuan untuk menyajikan
pendapat, ide, pandangan, atau argumen penulis atau pembicara akan suatu
perkara atau topik, permasalahan, atau fenomena tertentu. Teks exposition
terdiri dari dua jenis yaitu analytical exposition dan hortatory
exposition. Namun yang akan dibahas detil pada kegiatan pembelajaran ini
adalah hortatory exposition.
a. Definisi
Hortatory Exposition menurut
Gerot, L & Wignell, P (1995) adalah
“A text which has a purpose to
persuade the reader or listener that something should or should not be the
case”.
Hal ini berarti bahwa teks hortatory exposition adalah
teks yang digunakan oleh penulis atau penutur untuk meyakinkan atau membujuk
pembaca atau pendengar untuk melakukan sesuatu atau tidak melakukan sesuatu
sesuai dengan saran atau rekomendasinya.
b. Tujuan komunikatif
Hortatory exposition memiliki
tujuan komunikatif : mempengaruhi pembaca atau pendengar agar menyetujui
dan atau menerima pendapat yang disajikan oleh penulis.
c. Struktur teks
Struktur teks hortatory exposition paling
sedikit terdiri dari tiga paragraph yaitu :
Thesis
Thesis adalah pernyataan pendapat penulis akan suatu kasus
atau fenomena tertentu. Thesis ini bisa disebut juga isu atau hal
yang dipersoalkan. Isu atau thesis bisa kita dapatkan dari realita atau
fenomena yang kita hadapi sehari haribaik berupa fenomena alam atau sosial.
Fenomena yang terjadi biasanya menimbulkan masalah sehingga memunculkan
pendapat atau opini tertentu yang kemudian di sajikan dalam bentuk tulisan teks
yang berisi tentang sebuah pendapat terhadap isu tertentu yang kemudian
disajikan secara persuasif dengan harapan pembaca atau pendengar setuju atau
sependapat dengan penulis.
Argument
Dalam argument ini penulis menyajikan alasan
mengapa ada perhatian atau keprihatinan terhadap suatu isu atas sebuah
fenomena. Dalam argumennya penulis harus menyajikan alasan alasan yang didukung
oleh fakta fakta dan bukti bukti yang cukup yang bisa meyakinkan pembaca atau
pendengar dan selanjutnya bisa mempengaruhi pembaca atau pendengar untuk setuju
atu sependapat dengan penulis dan menerima saran yang disajikan oleh penulis.
Recommendation
Dalam paragraph ini penulis menyajikan pernyataan
tentang saran atau ajakan bagaimana seharusnya atau tidak seharusnya sesuatu
itu ada atau dilakukan. Fungsi dari recommendation ini adalah untuk
memperkuat pendapat penulis dengan cara mempengaruhi perasaan pembaca atau
pendengar dan mengarahkan mereka untuk menyetujui atau mengikuti saran dari
penulis.
More dust bin will be cleaner
To improve comfort and cleanliness at the school,
there should be an increasing number of dust bins.
When we look at classroom, school corridors and
schoolyard, there papers, mineral water cops, straws, and napkin everywhere.
The condition of unseemliness really hinders learning and teaching environment.
They can be filled out with water coming from the rain. This can be placed for
mosquito to spread out.
Anyway I notice that most of the students have
responsibilities for their school environment. They put their litter on the
proper place but some of them are not diligent enough to find the dust bins.
The numbers of the dust bins in the school are not enough. More dust bins
should be put beside each step, outside of the classrooms and some along of the
corridors. Probably one dust bin should be in every ten meters. So when
students want to throw away their litters, they can find the dust bins easily.
When school is equipped with sufficient dust bins,
students do not have problem of discomfort any more. So provide more dust bins
and school will be very clean and become a very nice place to study.
(source:
Djuharie, Otong Setiawan.2009.Essay Writing Book 3.Yrama Widya Bandung.)
Cara mengajarkan teks hortatory exposition
pada peserta didik
Pada kurikulum 2013 materi ajar hortatory eksposition
diajarkan pada semester dua peminatan. Peserta didik sudah memiliki pengetahuan
tentang analytical exposition pada silabus materi wajib. Oleh karena itu
peserta didik yang menempuh mata pelajaran peminatan kelas XI dan akan
mempelajari materi ajar hortatory exposition diharapkan telah memiliki
dasar pengetahuan menyampaikan pendapat beserta argumentasinya. Pada
pembelajaran hortatory
exposition pendidik diharapkan mengajarkan teks tersebut secara lengkap
dengan tujuan komunikatif, struktur teks dan unsur kebahasaannya. Pendekatan
pembelajaran yang digunakan tentu saja menggunakan pendekatan saintifik dengan
model pembelajaran yang disesuaikan dengan karakteristik peserta didik. Langkah
langkah pembelajaran dengan menggunakan pendekatan saintifik adalah:
Mengamati
Pada langkah pembelajaran mengamati pendidik bisa
meminta peserta didik mengamati gambar atau video tersaji tentang isu-isu yang
menjadi perhatian. Isu-isu yang disajikan bisa tentang isu sosial ataupun isu
tentang fenomena alam. Sebelum gambar atau tayangan video disajikan peserta
didik diberi beberapa pertanyaan yang mengarahkan peserta didik tentang hal-hal
yang harus diamati. Setelah peserta didik mengamati gambar atau tayangan video
tentang isu tertentu, selanjutnya peserta didik menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan
awal. Pertanyaan awal inilah yang akan mengarahkan peserta didik mengetahui
tujuan pembelajaran tentang hortatory exposition. Selanjutnya pendidik
bisa menyajikan sebuah teks hortatory lengkap dengan petunjuk tentang tujuan
komunikatif, struktur teks dan unsur kebahasaannya. Contoh pertanyaan awal:
•
What is the video about?
•
What do you think about the video
content?
•
What happened to the people in
the video?
•
Why do you think the Phenomenon
happens?
•
What do think the people should
do in order the phenomenon does not happen?
Menanya
Pada tahap menanya pendidik memberi kesempatan peserta
didik atau merangsang peserta didik mengajukan pertanyaan yang berkaitan dengan
teks tersaji. Pertanyaan bisa berupa kata-kata sulit dalam teks dan hal-hal
yang berkaitan dengan tujuan komunikatif struktur teks dan unsur kebahasaan
teks tersaji. Pada tahap ini pendidik bisa mendiskusikan jawaban dengan peserta
didik atau bisa menjawabnya langsung. Jawaban yang diberikan mengarah pada
target pembelajaran sesuai dengan teks hortatory exposition.
Mengumpulkan informasi
Pada tahap ini pendidik meminta peserta didik untuk
membentuk kelompok dan mengumpulkan informasi tentang hal-hal yang berkaitan
dengan teks hortatory exposition. Pendidik dapat membantu siswa dengan
menyajikan teks lain dengan jenis yang sama.sehingga siswa mendapatkan
informasi yang lebih banyak tentang tujuan komunikatif, struktur teks dan unsur
kebahasaan dari teks hortatory exposition. Selain itu pendidik
menyajikan pertanyaan-pertanyaan sehingga peserta didik memiliki acuan dalam
tugasnya untuk mengumpulkan informasi. Pertanyaan yang diberikan adalah
pertanyaan yang mengarah pada penemuan tentang tujuan komunikatif, struktur
teks dan unsur kebahasaan teks hortatory exposition.
Contoh :
•
Read the other text you have!
•
Answer the following questions!
1. What is the
text about?
2. What is the
main idea of paragraph one?
3. What the main
idea of paragraph two?
4. What is the
main idea of paragraph three?
5. What do you
call paragraph one?
6. What do you
call paragraph two?
7. What do you
call paragraph three?
8. What tenses
cover the text?
9. Mention
abstract noun from the text!
10. Do you find passive voice sentence in the text?
Write one!
Mengasosiasi
Pada tahap ini peserta didik akan membandingkan
berbagai text hortatory exposition secara berkelompok. Peserta
didik menggunakan acuan pertanyaan-pertanyaan pada tahap mengumpulkan
informasi sebagai dasar untuk menganalisa tujuan komunikatif teks, struktur
teks dan unsur kebahasaan teks hortatory exposition. Setelah berdiskusi
dengan kelompoknya masing masing peserta didik diharapkan untuk menyampaikan
hasil diskusinya di kelas. Pendidik memberikan arahan sehingga peserta didik
mencapai sebuah kesimpulan yang memenuhi target pembelajaran tentang hortatory
exposition.
Mengomunikasikan
Pada tahap ini peserta didik menyusun teks lisan atau
tulis hortatory exposition berdasarkan struktur teks dan unsur
kebahasaan yang sudah mereka pelajari. Pendidik bisa menyajikan topik
tertentu untuk dipilih atau menyerahkan pilihan topik kepada peserta didik
dengan syarat dikonsultasikan pada pendidik terlebih dahulu sebelum disusun
dalam bentuk teks yang dimaksud.
Contoh topik yang bisa disajikan pada siswa:
•
More dust bin to improve
cleanliness at school.
•
Be aware of diet to avoid heart
attack.
•
Stop smoking to avoid lung
cancer.
Pendidik dapat meminta peserta
didik untuk mengumpulkan hasil karya berbentuk tulisan dan juga
mempresentasikannya di depan kelas.
3. Penilaian pada pembelajaran teks
hortatory exposition
Penilaian pada pembelajaran teks ini adalah penilaian
sikap dengan teknik observasi pada saat diskusi, penilaian diri dan atau
penilaian antar teman. Penilaian pengetahuan dengan tes tulis dengan
serangkaian pertanyaan pada tahap mengumpulkan informasi dan mengasosiasi.
Penilaian ketrampilan dilakukan pada tahap mengomunikasikan yaitu penilaian
portofolio dan unjuk kerja. Secara detil materi tentang penilaian akan
disajikan pada halaman selanjutnya.
TEXT TYPE: NEWS
ITEM
A. Tujuan
Peserta dapat menguasai bahasa
Inggris lisan dan tulisan, reseptif dan produktif dalam segala aspek komunikatifnya .
B. Indikator Pencapaian Kompetensi
1. Menentukan
gambaran umum teks tertulis berbentuk News Item. (tujuan;fungsi sosial; & gagasan
utama)
2. Menentukan
informasi tertentu teks tertulis berbentuk News Item..
3. Menentukan
informasi rinci tersurat teks tertulis berbentuk News Item.
4. Menentukan
makna kata teks tertulis berbentuk News Item.
5. Menentukan
coherency dan cohesiveness teks News Item.
6. Menentukan
cara pengajaran teks News Item.
C. Uraian Materi
Bacalah materi
berikut dengan seksama, dan awalilah dengan berdoa.
Gambaran Umum
Teks News Item
Gambaran umum teks News Item adalah isi teks secara umum
atau keseluruhan. Bila teks tersebut telah
diberi judul, maka judul tersebut merupakan gambaran umum isi teks.
Informasi
Tertentu Teks News Item
Informasi tertentu teks News
Item adalah informasi yang tertulis di dalam teks. Pertanyaan
jenis ini dapat dijawab dengan cepat dengan cara sebagai berikut:
a. temukan kata kunci yang ada di dalam
pertanyaan
b. carilah kata yang sama atau bermakna sama
yang ada pada teks.
Informasi Rinci
Tersirat teks News Item
Informasi rinci tersirat adalah informasi yang
tertera atau terdapat di dalam teks, namun untuk mencarinya kita harus membaca
teks secara seksama dikarenakan informasi ini biasanya ada di beberapa bagian dan kita harus
mengumpulkan serta mencari benang merah di antara berbagai informasi tersebut.
Pikiran Utama Paragraf teks News Item
Pikiran
utama paragraph adalah isi dari paragraf tertentu. Ini dapat diperoleh melalui
kalimat utama.
Pesan Moral
Pesan
moral adalah nilai-nilai moral atau pelajaran apa yang didapat dari suatu teks News Item. Pemahaman akan nilai moral
suatu teks dapat diperoleh dari kalimat-kalimat yang digunakan dalam teks dan
biasanya kalimat-kalimat itu menunjukkan perbuatan-perbuatan yang patut
diteladani.
Makna Kata
Makna
kata adalah maksud yang terkandung suatu kata atau kalimat. Pemahaman akan
makna kata/frasa dapat diperoleh dari konteks kalimat dalam teks di mana
kata/frasa itu ada.
Kohesi
Kohesi
dalam wacana diartikan sebagai kepaduan bentuk secara structural membentuk
ikatan sintaktikal. Anton M. Moelino ( 1988:34) menyatakan bahwa wacana
yang baik dan utuh mensyaratkan kalimat-kalimat yang kohesif.
Konsep
kohesif sebenarnya mengacu kepada hubungan bentuk. Artinya
unsur-unsur
wacana (kata atau kalimat) yang digunakan untuk menyusun suatu wacana memiliki
keterkaitan secara padu dan utuh. Menurut Anton M. Moelino, dkk ( 1987:96)
untuk memperoleh wacana yang baik dan utuh, maka kalimat-kalimatnya harus
kohesif. Hanya dengan hubungan kohesif seperti itulah suatu unsur dalam wacana
dapat di interpretasikan, sesuai dengan ketergantungannya dengan unsur-unsur
lainnya.
Berikut adalah komponen kohesi/ cohesive device:
1. Logical Device
(a) Addition
-
again, equally, in fact
-
also,
furthermore, moreover
-
and, in addition (to...) too
-
and then, indeed, what is more
-
besides
Contoh dalam kalimat:
-
The
house faces north, so it never gets the sun. Also, it is rather
damp.
-
The
children do not like one another.Moreover, they often quarrelamd
start to fight
-
She
hardly ever goes to the theatre. In fact, she has not been for
months.
(b) Comparison
-
compared with
-
in the same
way
-
similarly
-
in comparison with
-
likewise
Contoh dalam kalimat:
-
I
used to work fifteen hours a day. In comparison with that, my present
job is more like holiday!
-
The
doctor advised him to give up smoking. Similarly, he
recommended him to eat much less and take plenty of exercise.
(c) Contrast and concession*
-
besides, naturally, still
-
but, nevertheless, whereas
-
however, of course, while
-
in contrast, on the contrary, yet
-
instead, on the other hand
Contoh dalam kalimat:
-
He
did not show anyone the papers. Instead, as soon as he got a
chance, he burnt them.
-
She
is not as pretty as she used to be. Nevertheless, she is still a
very attractive girl.
(d) Enumeration
-
first(ly) (second(ly)
-
last, on top
of (that)
-
finally, next to (begin with)
-
in the (first) place, more important, then
Contoh dalam kalimat:
-
His
job involves a number of things. First, he is responsible for
general administration in the office. Secondly, he has to look
after the financial side of the business... Finally, he has been
asked to build up outside contacts.
-
There
were several good reasons for changing the plan. To begin with,
it involved a lot of money. On top of that,it needed too many
people.
(e) Exemplification
-
as (evidence of...) such as
-
for example, thus
-
for instance,
to show what (I mean)
-
let us (take the case of...)
Contoh dalam kalimat:
-
Most
countries do not grow enough food for their needs. Let us take the case
of the United Kingdom.
-
Most
people are superstitious in some way. Thus, a lot of people
believe that the number 13 is unlucky...
(f) Inference
-
If not,... otherwise, then
-
In (that) case that, implies
Contoh dalam kalimat:
-
He
left the country the same day. In that case, he must have had his
passport with him.
-
You
must get some more petrol. Otherwise, we will not have enough to
get us to the next town.
(g) Summary
-
in all, in short, on the whole
-
in brief, in conclusion, to sum up
Contoh dalam kalimat:
-
She
spends a lot of money on clothes. She is also fond of buying expensive
jewellery. In short, she is extremely extravagant.
-
The
car is not new but it is in good condition. The price too is very reasonable. On
the whole, I think it is quite a good bargain.
(h) Time
-
after (a while), before (that time), since (then)
-
afterwards, finally, so far
-
at first, in the end, then
-
at last, meanwhile, (up to) then
-
at (the same time) next
Contoh dalam kalimat:
-
He
tried to open one of the small windows. At first it remained
firmly closed but, in the end, after a great deal of
effort, he managed to open it a few inches.
-
...
and the fire has finally been brought under control. Several men are still
missing. Meanwhile the causes of the explosion are still being
investigated.
(i) Result
-
accordingly,
for that reason, then
-
as a result, hence, therefore
-
consequently,
the (consequence) of that is...,
thus
Contoh dalam kalimat:
-
Most
people were opposes to the scheme on the grounds that it was too expensive. Accordingly,
it is now being re-examined to see if costs can be reduced.
-
Seven
inches of snow fell during the night, blocking most main roads. As a
result, traffic conditions have been chaotic.
-
In
the past, no one has taken his advice very seriously. Hence, it
is very probable that he will not be inclined to help on this occasion.
(j) Reformulation
-
in other words, that is (to say)
-
rather, to
put it more (simply)
Contoh dalam kalimat:
- Towards the end of the party he got up and danced on the
table. In other words, he made a complete fool of himself.
- Most people felt that the project was not worthwhile in
proportion to the amount of time it would take to complete it and equally the
financial expenditure involved. To put it more simply, it was a
waste of time and money.
(k) Replacement
-
Again,
(better) still, the alternative is...
-
Alternatively, on the other hand
Contoh dalam kalimat:
-
It is very likely that we shall go by
car, even though it is a long drive, because we shall need some means of
transport while we are there. Alternatively, we might fly out and
hire a car when we arrive.
-
If
things get any worse, we might have to arrange apublic meeting to discuss the
matter. Better still, we could even organise a
demonstration.
(l) Transition
-
As far as... is concerned now
-
As for... to turn to...
-
Incidentally with (reference) to...
Contoh dalam kalimat:
-
We
can leave most of the details of the proposal until the next meeting. Now,
as far as money is concerned, this needs careful
consideration.
-
In
the end, he decided to sell his car. This, incidentally, proved
to be a mistake.
Grammatical and
Lexical Linking Device
(a) Use of pronominal forms to replace noun phrases
Contoh:
- Napoleon was a great soldier. He was also a great
administrator.
- John bought a new car. It cost a
lot of money, but it goes a lot better than his old one.
- John and Mary are going on holiday to brazil. Their friends
are very envious.
- He decided to take some heavy shoes with him.
He thought that these would be useful in case he went walking.
(b) Use of pronominal forms to replace adverbials (noun
phrases of time and place)
Contoh:
-
He
left the following day. He knew then that he was
not coming back.
-
We
called on them soon after breakfast.. We should have realised
that this was a bad time for a visit.* (* Noun phrases are also
used as replacives. For example: John was born just before the war. At
that time his parents lived in London)
-
I
decided to take my books back to the library. When I got there,
I found it was closed.
(c) Use of pronominal forms to replace clauses or
sentences.
Contoh:
-
Some students work all night just before an exam. This is a great mistake.
-
John has just resigned. It
was quite unexpected.
(d) Use of determiners (the, this, that, etc.) to refer
back to a previous noun
phrase
Contoh:
-
Thieves broke into a
jeweller’s shop in North Street last night. The
thieves entered the shop through a small back window.
-
I
bought a pocket calculator last year. That calculator has
proved very useful.
-
Former and latter
are used to refer back to one of two previous noun phrases.
(e) Repetition of key words
Contoh:
These particular train services are not used very much by commuters.
As a rule, commuters tend to travel much earlier.
(f) Use of synonyms to avoid
repetition
Contoh:
-
These
cars were first made in 1972. When they were first produced,
they were not very popular.
-
If
you have any thoughts onthe subject,please let me know. I shall
be interested to hear your ideas.
(g) Use of a construction implying whole
part or part-whole relationship
Contoh:
-
You
will need to take some tools with you. You can get a
hammer, a saw and a screwdriver from most big department stores.
-
Large cars and lorries are
not advised to use this route. These vehicles should take the
other road.
(h) Use of related word forms
Contoh:
Seven people have been arrested so far. The arrests
were made late last night.
(i) Use of parallel structures
Contoh:
It is possible that the
plan will succeed. It is equally possible that it
will fail.
Koherensi
Koherensi adalah pengaturan secara
rapi kenyataan dan gagasan, fakta dan ide menjadi suatu untaian yang logis
sehingga mudah memahami pesan yang dikandungnya (Wohl, 1978 : 25). Koherensi
merupakan keterkaitan antara bagian yang satu dengan bagian yang lainnya
sehingga kalimat tersebut mempunyai kesatuan makna yang utuh.
Contoh
paragraf dengan koherensi lemah:
Dhaka (The Jakarta
Post):
A Malaysian aid ship was heading to
a Bangladeshi port Monday bringing relief goods for some of the hundreds of
thousands of Rohingya Muslims who've fled Myanmar. The conflict has been simmering for years but
there are worrying signs that it is escalating into an armed insurgency,
according to a recent report by the International Crisis Group.
Contoh
paragraf yang koheren:
Life goes on as usual for residents in some parts of
Kampung Melayu in East Jakarta, despite the floods that hit the area from
Friday evening until Monday afternoon. Areas inundated by flood waters include
those in the RW04 and RW05 community units.On Monday, people continued their
activities, even though they had to walk through the inundated roads of the
neighborhood.
Dapat
anda lihat perbedaan antara paragraf
pertama dengan paragraf
yang kedua. Ide dan gagasan – gagasan pada paragraf yang pertama terkesan
meloncat – loncat. Pada kalimat pertama, penulis mennuliskan tentang Kapal penyelamat Malaysia menuju pelabuhan
Bangladesh pada hari Senin sambil membawa barang-barang untuk ratusan ribu
Muslim Rohingya yang meninggalkan Myanmar namun tiba – tiba
membicarakan konflik yang telah terjadi
beberapa tahun Selanjutnya pada kalimat terakhir, penulis
membicarakan kelompok penanggulangan krisis
International. Tidak nampak
korelasi antar kalimat pada paragraf
pertama.
Pada
paragraf kedua, penulis membicarakan
tentang kehidupan penduduk Kampung Melayu di Jakarta
Timur yang berjalan seperti biasa meskipun banjir melanda mulai hari Jumat
sampai Senin. Kemudian penulis menambahkan informasi bahwa
banjir juga melanda RW di sekitarnya dan orang-orang tetap melanjutkan
aktivitasnya meskipun harus berjalan melewati jalan yang terkena banjir. Jadi ada kesinambungan makna dari kalimat yang satu
dengan kalimat berikutnya pada paragraph tersebut.
News Item Teks
Definition of News Item teks
·
News Item is a text
which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered
newsworthy or important.
Purpose/Social Function
·
to
inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
·
Generic structure :
- Newsworthy event (recounts the events
in summary form)
- Background event
- Sources (comments by participant in,
witnesses to and authorities expert on the event)
·
Language Features of
News Item
-
Focusing on
circumstances
-
Using material
process
-
Short, telegraphic information about story captured in
headline
-
Use action verb
Contoh Teks News Item dan generic
structure
Town ‘Contaminated
Generic
Structure
|
Teks
News Item
|
Newsworthy
events
|
Moscow – A Russian journalist has
uncovered evidence of another Soviet nuclear catastrophe, which killed
10 sailors and contaminated an entire town.
|
Background
Events
|
Yelena Vazrshavskya is the first
journalist to speak to people who witnessed the explosion of a nuclear
submarine at the naval base of shkotovo – 22 near Vladivostock.
|
Sumber
Informasi
|
The accident, which occurred13
months before the Chernobyl disaster, spread radioactive fall-out over
the base and nearby town, but was covered up by officials of the
Soviet Union. Residents were told the explosion in the reactor of the
Victor-class submarine during a refit had been a ‘thermal’ and not a
nuclear explosion. And those involved in the clean up operation to remove
more than 600 tones of contaminated material were sworn to secrecy.
|
Sources
|
A board of investigators was
later to describe it as the worst accident in the history of the
Soviet Navy.
|
Cara
mengajarkan teks News Item
Setelah
mencermati beberapa contoh teks News Item
,sekarang bagaimana cara mengajarkan teks tersebut pada
peserta didik agar
mereka dapat menentukan gambaran umum,
menentukan informasi rinci tersurat, menentukan informasi tersirat, menemukan makna kata, menentukan coherency dan cohesiveness
teks tersebut. Salah
satu cara berikut ini bisa dijadikan alternatif untuk
mengajarkan teks News Item.
·
Siswa dibagi dalam
kelompok kemudian diberikan authentic
material berupa beberapa potongan teks News Item dari surat kabar berbahasa
Inggris.
·
Siswa kemudian membaca
teks tersebut dan menganalisa unsur kebahasaan nya dan mencatatnya di buku
catatan.
·
Siswa menjawab
pertanyaan terkait dengan menentukan gambaran umum ,
makna kata, menentukan informasi rinci tersurat, menentukan informasi tersirat,
dan menentukan coherency dan cohesiveness teks tersebut.
·
Siswa
mempresentasikan hasil temuannya dalam kelompok di depan kelas.
Atau mengajarkan News Item dengan
menggunkan langkah-langkah 5 M :
1. Mengamati
Siswa menonton tayangan video tentang reporter yang
sedang melaporkan suatu peristiwa
2. Menanya
§ Siswa
bertanya jawab dengan guru tentang isi tayangan video
§ Siswa
bertanya jawab dengan guru mengenai bentuk teks News Item, struktur teks,
fungsi social dan unsur kebahasaan.
3. Mengumpulkan
Data
§ Melalui
internet ( HP ) siswa diminta untuk mencari contoh teks berita ( News Item)
§ Bersama
teman sebangku siswa diminta menganalisa tentang fungsi sosial, struktur teks,
dan unsur kebahasaan teks tersebut
4. Mengasosiasi
§ Secara
berpasangan siswa membaca beberapa teks News Item dan menjawab
pertanyaan-pertanyaan tentang teks tersebut
§ Secara
berkelompok membandingkan beberapa teks News Items dalam bahasa Inggris dan
bahasa Indonesia serta menganalisa teks-teks tersebut.
5. Mengomunikasi
Siswa mempresentasikan hasil diskusinya di depan kelompok
lain.
D.
Aktivitas Pembelajaran
Untuk lebih menguasai materi pada kegiatan pembelajaran ini lakukanlah
aktivitas sebagai berikut :
1.
Secara berkelompok mulailah kegiatan dengan berdoa dan lanjutkan dengan
diskusi terkait materi News Item
2.
Setelah mempelajari teks News Item dan mengerjakan soal latihan, Anda di
harapkan mampu merancang suatu desain pembelajaran untuk menyampaikan kepada
peserta didik.
3.
Simpulkan hasil diskusi secara mufakat di masing-masing kelompok. Apabila
terjadi perbedaan pendapat cobalah untuk mengambil jalan tengah. Anda dapat
juga melibatkan narasumber untuk mendapat umpan balik.
E. Latihan /Kasus
/Tugas
Latihan 1
Do this exercise
individually. Read this text carefully.
Then try to complete the blank
with the word / phrase you
know.
Title
|
Police discover 13 petrol bombs in Palu
|
Newsworthy Event
|
PALU (Antara): Police searching a …(1). area between two Central
Sulawesi villages in Poso have discovered 13 petrol bombs.
|
Background Event
|
Dozens of people have been …(2).. in fighting between the two villages
in recent weeks. On Dec. 8, dozens were injured and scores of houses were …(3).
in fighting, while at least 18 people were wounded in a more recent clash and
had to be evacuated to several hospitals in Palu.
|
Sources
|
"After bombing the area from Sunday night to Monday morning, we
found 13 petrol bombs …(4). in water channels and bushes," a police
source said here Monday.
|
Sources
|
He said the …(5). in the area was under control, but that guards had
been posted at several points, while the road connecting the villages of Nunu
and Tavanjuka remained closed.
|
Taken
from: http://www.thejakartapost.com
|
Latihan
2
Answer
the following questions related to the text above.
1. Where did the event take place?
___________________________________________________________
2. What is the main information of the text?
_____________________________________________________________
3. How many people were hurt in the fighting on
December 8?
_____________________________________________________________
4. How many petrol bombs were found by the
police?
_____________________________________________________________
5. Where
did the petrol bombs discover?
_____________________________________________________________
6. What the purpose of the text above?
_____________________________________________________________
7. Who is the source of that give the information about
the event of the text?
_____________________________________________________________
8. “while at least 18 people were wounded in a
more recent clash and had to be evacuated to several hospitals in Palu.”
The underlined word in the sentence above has the closed meaning with …
The underlined word in the sentence above has the closed meaning with …
______________________________________________________________
Latihan 3
Re-arrange
the jumble paragraph to an appropriate order.
Thailand sets new SEA Games
records in men's and women's sprint relays
( a ) In the first day of action at the
velodrome, Indonesia's Uyun Muzizah edged Thailand's Jutatip Maneephan by four
hundredths of a second to claim gold in the women's 500 meter time trial.
( b ) In other athletics events, Siri Shahida
Abdullah of Malaysia defended her women's hammer throw title, Dedeh Erawati of
Indonesia won the women's 100-meter hurdles, and Wansawang Sawasdee of Thailand
took the men's discus.As he did in the 5,000 meters, Thailand's Boonthung
Srisung beat Julius Sermona of the Philippines in the 10,000 meters.
( c )
NAKHON RATCHASIMA, Thailand (AP): Thailand set new Southeast Asian Games
records in both the men's and women's 4x100 meter relays on the track Monday.
( d )
In weightlifting, Indonesia's Sandow Waldemar Nasution - complete with multiple
piercing, tattoos and smoking between lifts - won gold in the men's 77-kilogram
class with a world-competitive gold in the men's 77-kilogram class with a
world-competitive aggregate of 341 kilograms.
( e )
The host nation won the men's event in 38.95 - 0.16 faster than the mark it set
eight years ago - while the women won gold with a time of 44.00 - three-tenths
of a second quicker than its record set at the previous SEA Games two years
ago.
( f )
Henry Dagmil of the Philippines broke his own games long jump record with his
first leap of 7.87 and won gold, while Malaysia's Rayzam Shah Wan Sofian shaved
a hundredth of a second off the 110 meters hurdle mark by winning in 13.91.
(Adapted from: http://www.thejakartapost.com)
Latihan 4
Answer the question
related to the content of the text.
1. What is the text about?
_____________________________________________________________
2. Where was the place which the event took
place?
_____________________________________________________________
3. Were there some new records created? What
kind of sport?
_____________________________________________________________
4. Who won the run race for 10.000 m?
_____________________________________________________________
5. What sport did Sandow W. Nasution
participate?
_____________________________________________________________
6. What sport is talked in last paragraph?
____________________________________________________________
7. Who got gold medals for Indonesia?
_____________________________________________________________
8. What is the
communicative purpose of the text?
____________________________________________________________
Latihan 5
1.
Work
in group of two.
2.
Find
two examples of News
Item text (from newspaper,
magazine, tabloid, or internet)
3.
Study
them well.
4.
Supposed you are a news reader, read it in front of
the class.
Latihan
6
Choose the correct answer A, B, C, or D !
Text 1
Spanish Thief Saw Himself as Robin Hood-Like Bandit
Madrid (Reuters) - Spain's most wanted thief, "The Loner," saw
himself as a Robin Hood-style figure and said he robbed banks only because they
stole from the public, his lawyer said Thursday.
Accused of killing three policemen and holding up more than 30 banks, Jaime
Jimenez Arbe was planning to move on to insurance companies when he was
arrested last month, Spanish media reported, citing lawyer Jose Mariano
Trillo-Figueroa.
"I am not a killer and if I was obliged to shoot at officers of the
law, it was always against my will and in order to avoid being arrested,"
Jimenez said in a letter reproduced on the websites of newspapers El Pais and
El Mundo.
Trillo-Figueroa said Jimenez, who robbed the banks disguised in a false
beard and a wig, thinks of himself as Curro Jimenez, a Spanish 1970s television
bandit in the style of Robin Hood.
The Loner was arrested in Portugal, armed with a submachine gun in
preparation for another bank robbery-Reuters
1. What is the text about?
A. The Loner was arrested in Portugal
B. The websites of newspaper EI Pais and EI Mundo
C. Spanish media reporter, Jose Mariano Trillo-Figueroa
D. A submachine gun in preparation for another bank
robbery
2.
Before being
arrested, Jaime Jimenez Arbe . . . in Spain
A.
he was
obliged to shoot at officers of the law
B.
had just
robbed a policeman.
C.
had robbed 30
banks
D.
had
robbed insurance companies
3.
The reason why
"The Loner" robbed the banks is because . . . .
A.
his lawyer
helped him
B.
he was the
most wanted thief in Spain
C.
he was accused
of killing three policemen
D.
he believed
that the banks stole money from the public
4.
"Trilo-Figueroa,
said Jimenez, who robbed the banks disguised in a false beard and a wig ....
(Paragraph 3)
The underlined
word "disguised" means . . . .
A.
changed appearance
B.
reduced
confidence
C.
damaged
reputation
D.
exposed to
view
Text 2
Wade withdraws
from U.S. basketball team
(Reuters) -
Miami Heat guard Dwyane Wade withdrew his name from the player pool for the
U.S. Olympic basketball team on Thursday because his injured left knee will
require surgery, USA Basketball said.
After
receiving the diagnosis from the Heat team physician, the All-Star guard, who
helped Miami win the NBA title in five games over the Oklahoma City Thunder,
informed USA Basketball chairman Jerry Colangelo that he was having the surgery
soon and would be unable to compete in London.
"As many
people may know, throughout the season, I struggled with a recurring knee
issue," Wade said in a statement. "After the championship game, I
visited with my doctors for a round of comprehensive medical tests, and the
recent results dictate the need for surgery. "While every part of me wants
to be in London, I need to take this time to do what's best to improve my
health and allow me to continue to play the game I love."
Wade was the
U.S. team's leading scorer in their run to 2008 Olympic gold in Beijing,
scoring a game-high 27 points as the Americans beat Spain 118-107 in the
Olympic final.
Despite having
his knee drained during the NBA playoffs, Wade averaged over 22 points a game
during Miami's championship series triumph over the Thunder.
Wade's exit from the U.S. squad left 17 players in the mix for 12 spots on the Olympic team following injuries that removed several players from consideration, including Derrick Rose of the Chicago Bulls and Dwight Howard of the Orlando Magic.
Wade's exit from the U.S. squad left 17 players in the mix for 12 spots on the Olympic team following injuries that removed several players from consideration, including Derrick Rose of the Chicago Bulls and Dwight Howard of the Orlando Magic.
5. Why
can’t Wade play for U.S. basketball team?
A. He is so old that he can’t play basketball
B. He is too young to play
basketball
C. His injured left knee requires surgery
D. He doesn't want to compete in London
6. Based on the text, Dwyane Wade….
A. will never play basketball again for the U.S. team
B. failed to play in Beijing Olympic games
C. was the leading scorer for the U.S. team in Beijing Olympic games
- injured left knee will require surgery
7. What is the main idea of paragraph 3?
A.
Despite having
his knee drained during the NBA playoffs
B. Dwyane Wade visit his doctors for medical test
C. The doctors suggested Wade recovers his knee by surgery
D. Dwyane Wade wants to improve his health to continue the game
Text 3
Protecting Sumatra's Forests & Ecosystems
(JP, Jakarta)
The Indonesia government and world wild fund (WWF) have announced a bold
commitment to protect the remaining forest and critical ecosystem of
Sumatra.
WWF said the
historic agreement represented the first-ever island- wide commitment to
protect Sumatra’s stunning biodiversity.
The commitment
was announced Thursday at the International Union for Conservation of Nature
(IUCN), world Conversation Congress in Barcelona and was endorsed by the
governors of Sumatra’s 10 provinces- the world’s sixth-largest island- and also
by four ministers. Sumatra is the only place in the world where tigers,
elephants, orangutans and rhinos co-exist. The agreement commits all the
governors in Sumatra, along with the Indonesia ministries of forestry,
environment, home affairs and public works, to restore critical ecosystems in
Sumatra and protect areas whit high conservation values.
WWF,
Conservation International, Fauna and Flora International, Wildlife Conservation
Society and other conservation groups working in Sumatra have agreed to help
implement the political commitment to protect what remains of the island is
species-rich forests and critical areas. The island has lost 48 percent of its
natural forest cover since 1985.
More than 13
percent of Sumatra’s remaining forests are peat forests, which sit a top the
deepest peat soil in the world; clearing peat forests is a major source of
carbon emissions that cause climate change.
8. The
following parties are involved in the commitment to protect Sumatra’s
biodiversity, EXCEPT:
A. The
Indonesia Conservation Group
B. The
minister of forestry
C. The
minister of public works
D. The 10
governors of Sumatra
9. The agreement is:
A. to
implement the decisions of the World Conservation Congress
B. to support
the governors of Sumatra to chase animals hunters
C. to stop the
emissions of carbon that cause climate change
D. to protect
the forests and ecosystems in Sumatra
Text 4
TOKYO:
A Japanese man made his way to a spot about 100 meters (328 ft) above ground on
a famous Tokyo landmark on Sunday. It
may have been a reckless attempt to impress a girl.
Japanese private broadcaster “TV
Asahi” showed the footage of a man standing on an iron frame on the exterior of
the 333 meters Tokyo Tower and unfurling a banner adorned with a large red
heart and words that appeared to be the name of a girl.
“May be he intended this as a
message for someone. I suspect that is
the case since it had a heart on it,” Tokyo police official said. The man, who claims to be 31, came down from
a spot around 100 meters high after being persuaded by the police and was
arrested for trespassing, the police official said. Just how he managed to get up there remains a
mystery.
“It’s not clear how he got in and he
began his climb,” the police official said.
A Tokyo Tower official said there was no way to get to where the man had
climbed from the inside.
10.The
main idea of the first paragraph is …
A.
A Japanese man intended to impress a girl.
B.
The man came down from a 100 meters spot.
C.
A Japanese private TV broadcaster showed footage of a man.
D.
A Japanese man made his way to a spot around 100 meters
high.
11. From the text we can conclude that
the man was …
A.
in love with a girl.
B.
frustrated by the official.
C.
trying to commit suicide.
D.
unfurling a banner for advertisement.
12. “It may have been a reckless attempt to impress a girl” (paragraph
1)
The similar meaning of the word printed in bold is …
A.
aim
B.
trial
C.
effect
D.
means
F.
Rangkuman
News Item text
News Item is a text that informs the readers about newsworthy or
important events of the day
Social
function: to
inform readers or listeners about newsworthy or important events of the day
Generic
structure:
o Newsworthy events (
tells the event in a summary form)
o Background
events ( elaborate what happened, tell what caused
the incident)
o Sources
( comments by participants, witnesses, authorities and experts involved in the event)
Language
features:
o Information on the use of headlines.
o Use of action verbs
o Use of saying verbs
o Use of passive sentences
o Use of adverbs in passive sentences
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BalasHapus9 Permainan Dalam 1 Akun
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* Ceme Keliling
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LINE : museumpoker
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===> LINK ALTERNATIF MUSEUMTOTO
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